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深度C++:遍歷Unordered_map順序問題

開發 前端
原系統基于GCC4.8.5,使用C++11標準開發,內部基于unordered_map存儲數據,新系統先在升級GCC為7.3.0,仍然使用C++11標準開發。

說明

unordered_map 是關聯容器,含有帶唯一鍵的鍵-值對。搜索、插入和元素移除擁有平均常數時間復雜度。元素在內部不以任何特定順序排序,而是組織進桶中。元素放進哪個桶完全依賴于其鍵的哈希。這允許對單獨元素的快速訪問,因為一旦計算哈希,則它準確指代元素所放進的桶。

問題

原系統基于GCC4.8.5,使用C++11標準開發,內部基于unordered_map存儲數據,新系統先在升級GCC為7.3.0,仍然使用C++11標準開發。新舊系統都基于一份持久化文件恢復數據,并按照同一順序插入unordered_map,并遍歷unordered_map組包對外發送,通過對比新舊系統對外發包內容一致性,來驗證新舊系統的正確性。

但驗證的現象是新舊系統發包順序不一致。

原因分析

  • 哈希策略在不同GCC版本中有變化,插入時rehash時機不一樣了(__prime_list不同)

  • 初始桶的大小不一樣,GCC4.8.5有默認值 10,之后的版本取消了默認值

根本原因:初始桶大小和每次插入時桶大小要保持一致

解決方案

  • 替換GCC7.3.0里的哈希策略為GCC4.8.5的(標準庫生成是弱符號,使用stub.cpp強符號替換)
//stub.cpp
#include <utility>
#include <cstddef>
#include <algorithm>

namespace std
{
namespace __detail
{
extern const unsigned long __prime_list[] = // 256 + 1 or 256 + 48 + 1
{
2ul, 3ul, 5ul, 7ul, 11ul, 13ul, 17ul, 19ul, 23ul, 29ul, 31ul,
37ul, 41ul, 43ul, 47ul, 53ul, 59ul, 61ul, 67ul, 71ul, 73ul, 79ul,
83ul, 89ul, 97ul, 103ul, 109ul, 113ul, 127ul, 137ul, 139ul, 149ul,
157ul, 167ul, 179ul, 193ul, 199ul, 211ul, 227ul, 241ul, 257ul,
277ul, 293ul, 313ul, 337ul, 359ul, 383ul, 409ul, 439ul, 467ul,
503ul, 541ul, 577ul, 619ul, 661ul, 709ul, 761ul, 823ul, 887ul,
953ul, 1031ul, 1109ul, 1193ul, 1289ul, 1381ul, 1493ul, 1613ul,
1741ul, 1879ul, 2029ul, 2179ul, 2357ul, 2549ul, 2753ul, 2971ul,
3209ul, 3469ul, 3739ul, 4027ul, 4349ul, 4703ul, 5087ul, 5503ul,
5953ul, 6427ul, 6949ul, 7517ul, 8123ul, 8783ul, 9497ul, 10273ul,
11113ul, 12011ul, 12983ul, 14033ul, 15173ul, 16411ul, 17749ul,
19183ul, 20753ul, 22447ul, 24281ul, 26267ul, 28411ul, 30727ul,
33223ul, 35933ul, 38873ul, 42043ul, 45481ul, 49201ul, 53201ul,
57557ul, 62233ul, 67307ul, 72817ul, 78779ul, 85229ul, 92203ul,
99733ul, 107897ul, 116731ul, 126271ul, 136607ul, 147793ul,
159871ul, 172933ul, 187091ul, 202409ul, 218971ul, 236897ul,
256279ul, 277261ul, 299951ul, 324503ul, 351061ul, 379787ul,
410857ul, 444487ul, 480881ul, 520241ul, 562841ul, 608903ul,
658753ul, 712697ul, 771049ul, 834181ul, 902483ul, 976369ul,
1056323ul, 1142821ul, 1236397ul, 1337629ul, 1447153ul, 1565659ul,
1693859ul, 1832561ul, 1982627ul, 2144977ul, 2320627ul, 2510653ul,
2716249ul, 2938679ul, 3179303ul, 3439651ul, 3721303ul, 4026031ul,
4355707ul, 4712381ul, 5098259ul, 5515729ul, 5967347ul, 6456007ul,
6984629ul, 7556579ul, 8175383ul, 8844859ul, 9569143ul, 10352717ul,
11200489ul, 12117689ul, 13109983ul, 14183539ul, 15345007ul,
16601593ul, 17961079ul, 19431899ul, 21023161ul, 22744717ul,
24607243ul, 26622317ul, 28802401ul, 31160981ul, 33712729ul,
36473443ul, 39460231ul, 42691603ul, 46187573ul, 49969847ul,
54061849ul, 58488943ul, 63278561ul, 68460391ul, 74066549ul,
80131819ul, 86693767ul, 93793069ul, 101473717ul, 109783337ul,
118773397ul, 128499677ul, 139022417ul, 150406843ul, 162723577ul,
176048909ul, 190465427ul, 206062531ul, 222936881ul, 241193053ul,
260944219ul, 282312799ul, 305431229ul, 330442829ul, 357502601ul,
386778277ul, 418451333ul, 452718089ul, 489790921ul, 529899637ul,
573292817ul, 620239453ul, 671030513ul, 725980837ul, 785430967ul,
849749479ul, 919334987ul, 994618837ul, 1076067617ul, 1164186217ul,
1259520799ul, 1362662261ul, 1474249943ul, 1594975441ul, 1725587117ul,
1866894511ul, 2019773507ul, 2185171673ul, 2364114217ul, 2557710269ul,
2767159799ul, 2993761039ul, 3238918481ul, 3504151727ul, 3791104843ul,
4101556399ul, 4294967291ul,
// Sentinel, so we don't have to test the result of lower_bound,
// or, on 64-bit machines, rest of the table.
#if __SIZEOF_LONG__ != 8
4294967291ul
#else
6442450933ul, 8589934583ul, 12884901857ul, 17179869143ul,
25769803693ul, 34359738337ul, 51539607367ul, 68719476731ul,
103079215087ul, 137438953447ul, 206158430123ul, 274877906899ul,
412316860387ul, 549755813881ul, 824633720731ul, 1099511627689ul,
1649267441579ul, 2199023255531ul, 3298534883309ul, 4398046511093ul,
6597069766607ul, 8796093022151ul, 13194139533241ul, 17592186044399ul,
26388279066581ul, 35184372088777ul, 52776558133177ul, 70368744177643ul,
105553116266399ul, 140737488355213ul, 211106232532861ul, 281474976710597ul,
562949953421231ul, 1125899906842597ul, 2251799813685119ul,
4503599627370449ul, 9007199254740881ul, 18014398509481951ul,
36028797018963913ul, 72057594037927931ul, 144115188075855859ul,
288230376151711717ul, 576460752303423433ul,
1152921504606846883ul, 2305843009213693951ul,
4611686018427387847ul, 9223372036854775783ul,
18446744073709551557ul, 18446744073709551557ul
#endif
};
/// Default value for rehash policy. Bucket size is (usually) the
/// smallest prime that keeps the load factor small enough.
struct _Prime_rehash_policy
{
_Prime_rehash_policy(float __z = 1.0);

float
max_load_factor() const noexcept;


// Return a bucket size no smaller than n.
std::size_t
_M_next_bkt(std::size_t __n) const;

// Return a bucket count appropriate for n elements
std::size_t
_M_bkt_for_elements(std::size_t __n) const;

// __n_bkt is current bucket count, __n_elt is current element count,
// and __n_ins is number of elements to be inserted. Do we need to
// increase bucket count? If so, return make_pair(true, n), where n
// is the new bucket count. If not, return make_pair(false, 0).
std::pair<bool, std::size_t>
_M_need_rehash(std::size_t __n_bkt, std::size_t __n_elt,
std::size_t __n_ins) const;

typedef std::size_t _State;

_State
_M_state() const;

void
_M_reset(_State __state);


enum { _S_n_primes = sizeof(unsigned long) != 8 ? 256 : 256 + 48 };

static const std::size_t _S_growth_factor = 2;

float _M_max_load_factor;
mutable std::size_t _M_next_resize;
};

_Prime_rehash_policy::_Prime_rehash_policy(float __z)
: _M_max_load_factor(__z), _M_next_resize(0) { }

float
_Prime_rehash_policy::max_load_factor() const noexcept
{ return _M_max_load_factor; }

std::size_t
_Prime_rehash_policy::_M_bkt_for_elements(std::size_t __n) const
{ return __builtin_ceil(__n / (long double)_M_max_load_factor); }

_Prime_rehash_policy::_State
_Prime_rehash_policy::_M_state() const
{ return _M_next_resize; }

void
_Prime_rehash_policy::_M_reset(_State __state)
{ _M_next_resize = __state; }

// Return a prime no smaller than n.
std::size_t
_Prime_rehash_policy::_M_next_bkt(std::size_t __n) const
{
// Optimize lookups involving the first elements of __prime_list.
// (useful to speed-up, eg, constructors)
static const unsigned char __fast_bkt[12]
= { 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 11, 11, 11, 11 };

if (__n <= 11)
{
_M_next_resize =
__builtin_ceil(__fast_bkt[__n] * (long double)_M_max_load_factor);
return __fast_bkt[__n];
}

const unsigned long* __next_bkt =
std::lower_bound(__prime_list + 5, __prime_list + _S_n_primes, __n);
_M_next_resize =
__builtin_ceil(*__next_bkt * (long double)_M_max_load_factor);
return *__next_bkt;
}

// Finds the smallest prime p such that alpha p > __n_elt + __n_ins.
// If p > __n_bkt, return make_pair(true, p); otherwise return
// make_pair(false, 0). In principle this isn't very different from
// _M_bkt_for_elements.

// The only tricky part is that we're caching the element count at
// which we need to rehash, so we don't have to do a floating-point
// multiply for every insertion.

std::pair<bool, std::size_t>
_Prime_rehash_policy::
_M_need_rehash(std::size_t __n_bkt, std::size_t __n_elt,
std::size_t __n_ins) const
{
if (__n_elt + __n_ins >= _M_next_resize)
{
long double __min_bkts = (__n_elt + __n_ins)
/ (long double)_M_max_load_factor;
if (__min_bkts >= __n_bkt)
return std::make_pair(true,
_M_next_bkt(std::max<std::size_t>(__builtin_floor(__min_bkts) + 1,
__n_bkt * _S_growth_factor)));

_M_next_resize
= __builtin_floor(__n_bkt * (long double)_M_max_load_factor);
return std::make_pair(false, 0);
}
else
return std::make_pair(false, 0);
}
} // namespace __detail
} // namespace std
  • 設置GCC7.3.0初始桶大小為10
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>

int main(){
// 創建三個 string 的 unordered_map (映射到 string )
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> u;
u.reserve(10);

std::cout << "load_factor:" << u.load_factor() << std::endl;
std::cout << "max_load_factor:" << u.max_load_factor() << std::endl;
std::cout << "bucket_count:" << u.bucket_count() << std::endl;
std::cout << "size:" << u.size() << std::endl;
bool will_rehash = (u.max_load_factor()*u.bucket_count()) < (u.size()+1);
std::cout << "will_rehash:" << will_rehash << std::endl;

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
u.insert({std::to_string(i), std::to_string(i)});
}

// 迭代并打印 unordered_map 的關鍵和值
for( const auto& n : u ) {
std::cout << "Key:[" << n.first << "] Value:[" << n.second << "]\n";
}

std::cout << "load_factor:" << u.load_factor() << std::endl;
std::cout << "max_load_factor:" << u.max_load_factor() << std::endl;
std::cout << "bucket_count:" << u.bucket_count() << std::endl;
std::cout << "size:" << u.size() << std::endl;
will_rehash = (u.max_load_factor()*u.bucket_count()) > (u.size()+1);
std::cout << "will_rehash:" << will_rehash << std::endl;

return 0;
}
  • CMakeLists.txt
project(unordered_map)

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)

add_executable(the_executable
stub.cpp
main.cpp)

target_link_libraries(the_executable
um)

驗證

在線驗證

https://godbolt.org/z/x3v36YaKc


責任編輯:武曉燕 來源: 今日頭條
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