哈嘍,大家好,我是指北君,今天我們來講一講java中的IO流與Guava。
Guava IO
日常系統(tǒng)交互中,文件的上傳下載都是常見的,一般我們會通過jdk提供的IO操作庫幫助我們實現(xiàn)。IO指的是數(shù)據(jù)相對當前操作程序的入與出,將數(shù)據(jù)通過 輸出流從程序輸出,或者通過輸入流將數(shù)據(jù)(從文件、網(wǎng)絡、數(shù)據(jù)等)寫入到程序,這里的IO指的是基于流作為載體進行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。如果把數(shù)據(jù)比作合理的水,河就是IO流,也是數(shù)據(jù)的載體。
Java為我們提供了非常多的操作IO的接口與類,幫助開發(fā)者實現(xiàn)不同源間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,比如硬盤文件、網(wǎng)絡傳輸、應用調(diào)用間的數(shù)據(jù)交互與傳遞。今天我們來簡單了解下Java中的流 以及在Guava工具包中,針對IO操作做了什么樣的封裝與設計。
分類
在java.io包中有非常多的IO相關接口,我們可以根據(jù)流的輸出類型、處理對象以及功能將其分為以下幾種類型:
輸入流 (java.io.InputStream)用于實現(xiàn)將數(shù)據(jù)讀入到程序
輸出流 (java.io.OutputStream)用于實現(xiàn)將數(shù)據(jù)從程序寫出
字節(jié)流以字節(jié)(byte)為單位進行數(shù)據(jù)的讀、寫 (其中針對文件也提供了按基礎數(shù)據(jù)類型的讀與寫DataInpoutStream,也就是按照Java基礎類型所占字節(jié)數(shù)來進行定量字節(jié)讀取并合并)
字符流以字符(char)為單位進行數(shù)據(jù)的讀、寫,此時需要注意字符編碼
區(qū)分:
字節(jié)流一般以Stream結尾 字符流一般以Reader或Writer結尾
讀 (java.io.Reader)主要針對字符流的讀取操作
寫 (java.io.Writer)主要針對字符流的寫出操作
緩存流按字節(jié)進行數(shù)據(jù)讀寫時,通過緩沖批量寫入來提高傳輸效率
轉換流實現(xiàn)輸入/出與讀/寫方式間的轉換
常用的流
- 操作文件的java.io.FileinputStream/FileOutputStream java.io.FileReader/FileWriter
- 通用的字節(jié)流java.io.InputStreamReader/outputStreamWriter
- 緩沖流java.io.BufferedReader/BufferedWriter java.io.BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream
- 數(shù)據(jù)流java.io.DataInpoutStream/DataOutputStream
- 功能型的java.io.PrintWriter/PrintStream
- 對象序列化相關的java.io.ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream
可見,提供的IO對象基本都是成對出現(xiàn)的,用以完成數(shù)據(jù)的輸入輸出,實現(xiàn)程序與外部載體間的數(shù)據(jù)交換
示例
下面我們通過一些常用示例來看看IO的使用的場景與使用方法:
- 文件復制
- 文件的合并
- 讀取文件內(nèi)容為字符串
- 字節(jié)數(shù)組轉換成流
- 對象序列化與反序列化
- 流的轉換
- ......
- 文件復制
@Test
public void copyByBytes() throws IOException {
String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(root,"/start.bat"));
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(root+"/out2.bat");
byte[] buff = new byte[100];
int b;
while ( (b = fis.read(buff))!=-1 ){
fos.write(buff, 0, b);
}
// close
}
@Test
public void mergeFiles() throws IOException {
File file1 = new File("E:\\_projects\\sucls\\blog\\my_study\\guava\\guava-io\\src\\test\\java\\com\\sucls\\blog\\guava\\io\\category\\FileTests.java");
File file2 = new File("E:\\_projects\\sucls\\blog\\my_study\\guava\\guava-io\\src\\test\\java\\com\\sucls\\blog\\guava\\io\\category\\StreamTests.java");
Enumeration<InputStream> ins = Collections.enumeration(Arrays.asList(
new FileInputStream(file1),
new FileInputStream(file2)
));
SequenceInputStream sequenceInputStream = new SequenceInputStream(ins);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(root+"/out4");
byte[] buff = new byte[100];
int read; // 真實讀取到的字節(jié)數(shù)
while ( (read = sequenceInputStream.read(buff)) !=-1){
fos.write(buff, 0, read);
}
fos.close();
}
@Test
public void readStringFromFile() throws IOException {
FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(new File(this.getClass().getResource("/").getPath(),"/start.bat"));
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
int i;
while ( (i = fileReader.read())!=-1 ){
stringBuilder.append( (char)i ); // 按字符讀取
}
System.out.println( stringBuilder ); // 文件內(nèi)容
}
@Test
public void bytesToStream(){
byte [] data = new byte[1024]; // 來源于其他數(shù)據(jù)源
ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);
ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
int v;
while ( (v=inputStream.read())!=-1 ){
outputStream.write(v);
}
System.out.println( Arrays.toString( outputStream.toByteArray() ));
}
@Test
public void objectToFile() throws IOException {
Person person = new Person();
person.setName("張三").setAge(25);
String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(root,"/person"));
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(person);
}
@Test
public void fileToObject() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(root,"/person"));
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Person person = (Person) ois.readObject();
System.out.println( person );
}
- 流的轉換 將字節(jié)流轉換成字符流來操作,同樣以文件復制為例
@Test
public void copyByBuffer() throws IOException {
String root = FileTests.class.getResource("/").getPath();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(root,"/start.bat"));
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(fis);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(root+"/out3.bat");
OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(fos);
BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(osw);
String line;
while ( (line = br.readLine())!=null ){
bw.append(line);
bw.newLine();
bw.flush();
}
// close
}
關于流的操作非常多,像包括網(wǎng)絡通信中、音視頻文件處理、流合并等等
Guava中的IO
關于IO的內(nèi)容并不復雜,上面的那些例子在很多工具庫中基本都會提供對應的API方便開發(fā)者調(diào)用,今天主要看下Guava IO模塊針對流的操作提供了什么樣的 封裝
Files
提供對文件快捷讀寫方法 其中主要提供了ByteSource、ByteSink、CharSource、CharSink 4個類,分別對應按字節(jié)的讀寫與按字符的讀寫,
/**
* 文件復制
*/
@Test
public void copy() throws IOException {
File from = new File(root,"from");
File to = new File(root,"to");
Files.copy(from,to);
}
/**
* 文件移動
*/
@Test
public void move() throws IOException {
File from = new File(root,"from");
File to = new File(root,"to");
Files.move(from,to);
}
/**
* 按行讀取文件
* @throws IOException
*/
@Test
public void readLines() throws IOException {
File dest = new File(root,"start.bat");
List<String> lines = Files.readLines(dest, Charset.defaultCharset());
lines.forEach(System.out::println);
}
/**
* 寫入文件
* @throws IOException
*/
@Test
public void writeToFile() throws IOException {
File dest = new File(root,"demo.txt");
Files.write("hello world!".getBytes(Charset.defaultCharset()), dest);
}
/**
* 修改文件更新時間
* @throws IOException
*/
@Test
public void touch() throws IOException {
File dest = new File(root,"demo.txt");
Files.touch(dest);
}
/**
* 文件的零拷貝
* @throws IOException
*/
@Test
public void map() throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
File from = new File(root,"from");
File to = new File(root,"to");
Files.touch(to);
MappedByteBuffer fromBuff = Files.map(from, MapMode.READ_ONLY, 1024);
// =>
FileChannel channel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get(to.toURI()), StandardOpenOption.WRITE);
channel.write(fromBuff);
channel.close();
}
/**
* 讀文件為字節(jié)數(shù)組
* @throws IOException
*/
@Test
public void fileAndBytes() throws IOException {
File dest = new File(root,"start.bat");
ByteSource byteSource = Files.asByteSource(dest);
byte[] bytes = byteSource.read();
System.out.println( bytes );
// 字節(jié)寫入文件,實現(xiàn)復制
File target = new File(root, "start2.bat");
ByteSink byteSink = Files.asByteSink(target);
byteSink.write(bytes);
}
@Test
public void wrapper(){
File dest = new File(root,"start.bat");
// 作為字節(jié)讀
Files.asByteSource(dest);
// 作為字節(jié)寫
Files.asByteSink(dest);
// 作為字符讀
Files.asCharSource(dest, Charset.defaultCharset());
// 作為字符寫
Files.asCharSink(dest, Charset.defaultCharset());
}
其他
管道流
PipedOutputStream PipedInputStream 實現(xiàn)多線程間的數(shù)據(jù)通信;類似生產(chǎn)消費者模式
@Test
public void pipe() throws IOException {
PipedOutputStream pipedOutputStream = new PipedOutputStream();
PipedInputStream pipedInputStream = new PipedInputStream();
pipedOutputStream.connect(pipedInputStream);
new Thread(()->{
while (true){
String date = new Date().toString();
try {
pipedOutputStream.write( date.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8) );
pipedOutputStream.flush();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}).start();
new Thread(()->{
while (true){
byte [] buff = new byte[1024];
try {
int read = pipedInputStream.read(buff);
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(4);
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
System.out.println( new String(buff) );
}
}).start();
}
結束語
在任何編程語言中,數(shù)據(jù)的IO都是比較常見并相當重要的。Guava作為工具型類庫,主要是幫助開發(fā)者封裝常用、重復的操作,開放出簡介的API,不僅能讓讓代碼更加整潔, 同時對開發(fā)出穩(wěn)健程序也是比不可少的。