LINQ動態查詢的全面分析
LINQ動態查詢不是很容易就實現的,但是一旦能夠熟練運用了,那LINQ動態查詢能起很大作用,本文筆者就來向你介紹一下LINQ動態查詢。
本文介紹LINQ的高級特性,其包括大家都關心的LINQ動態查詢的用法,另外簡單提下ID標識這個知識。
LINQ動態查詢有這樣一個場景:應用程序可能會提供一個用戶界面,用戶可以使用該用戶界面指定一個或多個謂詞來篩選數據。這種情況在編譯時不知道查詢的細節,LINQ動態查詢將十分有用。
在LINQ中,Lambda表達式是許多標準查詢運算符的基礎,編譯器創建lambda表達式以捕獲基礎查詢方法(例如 Where、Select、Order By、Take While 以及其他方法)中定義的計算。表達式目錄樹用于針對數據源的結構化查詢,這些數據源實現IQueryable
例如,LINQ to SQL 提供程序實現 IQueryable
表達式目錄樹在LINQ中用于表示分配給類型為Expression
System.Linq.Expressions命名空間提供用于手動生成表達式目錄樹的API。Expression類包含創建特定類型的表達式目錄樹節點的靜態工廠方法,例如,ParameterExpression(表示一個已命名的參數表達式)或 MethodCallExpression(表示一個方法調用)。
編譯器生成的表達式目錄樹的根始終在類型Expression
下面幾個例子描述如何使用表達式目錄樹來創建動態LINQ查詢。
1.LINQ動態查詢之Select
下面例子說明如何使用表達式樹依據 IQueryable 數據源構造一個動態查詢,查詢出每個顧客的ContactName,并用GetCommand方法獲取其生成SQL語句。
- //依據IQueryable數據源構造一個查詢
- IQueryable<Customer> custs = db.Customers;
- //組建一個表達式樹來創建一個參數
- ParameterExpression param =
- Expression.Parameter(typeof(Customer), "c");
- //組建表達式樹:c.ContactName
- Expression selector = Expression.Property(param,
- typeof(Customer).GetProperty("ContactName"));
- Expression pred = Expression.Lambda(selector, param);
- //組建表達式樹:Select(c=>c.ContactName)
- Expression expr = Expression.Call(typeof(Queryable), "Select",
- new Type[] { typeof(Customer), typeof(string) },
- Expression.Constant(custs), pred);
- //使用表達式樹來生成動態查詢
- IQueryable<string> query = db.Customers.AsQueryable()
- .Provider.CreateQuery<string>(expr);
- //使用GetCommand方法獲取SQL語句
- System.Data.Common.DbCommand cmd = db.GetCommand(query);
- Console.WriteLine(cmd.CommandText);
生成的SQL語句為:
- SELECT [t0].[ContactName] FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
2.LINQ動態查詢之Where
下面一個例子是“搭建”Where用法來動態查詢城市在倫敦的顧客。
- IQueryable<Customer> custs = db.Customers;
- //創建一個參數c
- ParameterExpression param =
- Expression.Parameter(typeof(Customer), "c");
- //c.City=="London"
- Expression left = Expression.Property(param,
- typeof(Customer).GetProperty("City"));
- Expression right = Expression.Constant("London");
- Expression filter = Expression.Equal(left, right);
- Expression pred = Expression.Lambda(filter, param);
- //Where(c=>c.City=="London")
- Expression expr = Expression.Call(typeof(Queryable), "Where",
- new Type[] { typeof(Customer) },
- Expression.Constant(custs), pred);
- //生成動態查詢
- IQueryable<Customer> query = db.Customers.AsQueryable()
- .Provider.CreateQuery<Customer>(expr);
生成的SQL語句為:
- SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName],
- [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region],
- [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
- FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[City] = @p0
- -- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 6; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [London]3.OrderBy
本例既實現排序功能又實現了過濾功能。
- IQueryable<Customer> custs = db.Customers;
- //創建一個參數c
- ParameterExpression param =
- Expression.Parameter(typeof(Customer), "c");
- //c.City=="London"
- Expression left = Expression.Property(param,
- typeof(Customer).GetProperty("City"));
- Expression right = Expression.Constant("London");
- Expression filter = Expression.Equal(left, right);
- Expression pred = Expression.Lambda(filter, param);
- //Where(c=>c.City=="London")
- MethodCallExpression whereCallExpression = Expression.Call(
- typeof(Queryable), "Where",
- new Type[] { typeof(Customer) },
- Expression.Constant(custs), pred);
- //OrderBy(ContactName => ContactName)
- MethodCallExpression orderByCallExpression = Expression.Call(
- typeof(Queryable), "OrderBy",
- new Type[] { typeof(Customer), typeof(string) },
- whereCallExpression,
- Expression.Lambda(Expression.Property
- (param, "ContactName"), param));
- //生成動態查詢
- IQueryable<Customer> query = db.Customers.AsQueryable()
- .Provider.CreateQuery<Customer>(orderByCallExpression);
生成的SQL語句為:
- SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName],
- [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region],
- [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
- FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[City] = @p0
- ORDER BY [t0].[ContactName]
- -- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 6; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [London]4.Union
下面的例子使用表達式樹LINQ動態查詢顧客和雇員同在的城市。
- //e.City
- IQueryable<Customer> custs = db.Customers;
- ParameterExpression param1 =
- Expression.Parameter(typeof(Customer), "e");
- Expression left1 = Expression.Property(param1,
- typeof(Customer).GetProperty("City"));
- Expression pred1 = Expression.Lambda(left1, param1);
- //c.City
- IQueryable<Employee> employees = db.Employees;
- ParameterExpression param2 =
- Expression.Parameter(typeof(Employee), "c");
- Expression left2 = Expression.Property(param2,
- typeof(Employee).GetProperty("City"));
- Expression pred2 = Expression.Lambda(left2, param2);
- //Select(e=>e.City)
- Expression expr1 = Expression.Call(typeof(Queryable), "Select",
- new Type[] { typeof(Customer), typeof(string) },
- Expression.Constant(custs), pred1);
- //Select(c=>c.City)
- Expression expr2 = Expression.Call(typeof(Queryable), "Select",
- new Type[] { typeof(Employee), typeof(string) },
- Expression.Constant(employees), pred2);
- //生成動態查詢
- IQueryable<string> q1 = db.Customers.AsQueryable()
- .Provider.CreateQuery<string>(expr1);
- IQueryable<string> q2 = db.Employees.AsQueryable()
- .Provider.CreateQuery<string>(expr2);
- //并集
- var q3 = q1.Union(q2);
生成的SQL語句為:
- SELECT [t2].[City]
- FROM (
- SELECT [t0].[City] FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
- UNION
- SELECT [t1].[City] FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t1]
- ) AS [t2]ID標識
在前面這一點沒有說到,在這里作為高級特性單獨說下ID標識。
這個例子說明我們存儲一條新的記錄時候,ContactID作為主鍵標識,系統自動分配,標識種子為1,所以每次自動加一。
- //ContactID是主鍵ID,插入一條數據,系統自動分配ID
- Contact con = new Contact()
- {
- CompanyName = "New Era",
- Phone = "(123)-456-7890"
- };
- db.Contacts.InsertOnSubmit(con);
- db.SubmitChanges();
以上就是對LINQ動態查詢的詳細闡述。
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